Patna Services

With the implementation of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, the legal landscape for families has evolved. 

Cheque bounce cases, commonly referred to as cases of dishonour of cheque, arise when a cheque issued by a drawer is returned unpaid by the bank due to reasons such as insufficiency of funds, closure of account.

While the Registration Act, 1908 remains the primary authority for property transfers, the implementation of the BNSS and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) has modernized the legal landscape surrounding these documents.

Recovery of money refers to the legal process through which a person (creditor/plaintiff) seeks to recover a legally enforceable debt or monetary claim from another person (debtor/defendant) by invoking judicial remedies.

Arbitration proceedings refer to a private alternative dispute resolution mechanism whereby disputes between parties are resolved outside the traditional court system by one or more impartial arbitrators, whose decision (known as an arbitral award) is binding on the parties.

Property disputes refer to conflicts arising between individuals or entities concerning ownership, possession, title, use, or transfer of movable or immovable property.

Bail refers to the provisional release of an accused person from custody, pending investigation or trial, upon furnishing a bond, with or without sureties, to secure their appearance before the court as and when required.

Cruelty, in the context of criminal law, refers to wilful conduct by a person which is of such a nature as to cause grave physical or mental injury, or to endanger the life, limb, or health (whether mental or physical) of another person.

Interim maintenance refers to temporary financial assistance granted by a competent court to a claimant during the pendency of proceedings for maintenance. 

Permanent maintenance refers to long-term financial support granted by a competent court to a dependent person—typically a wife, child, or parent—upon the final adjudication of maintenance proceedings.

Under the SARFAESI Act, where a borrower defaults in repayment of a secured debt and the account is classified as a Non-The procedure under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act). 

Domestic violence refers to any act, omission, or conduct of a person that causes harm, injury, or endangers the physical, mental, emotional, or economic well-being of another person within a domestic relationship.

Property valuation refers to the process of determining the fair market value of movable or immovable property by a competent authority, expert, or court-appointed valuer, based on recognized principles, prevailing market conditions, and applicable statutory.

Commercial property returns and valuation refer to the legal processes involved in the disclosure, assessment, and determination of the monetary worth and income-generating potential of commercial immovable assets.

Valuation of plant and machinery refers to the process of determining the fair, reasonable, and realizable value of industrial equipment, tools, installations, and other mechanical assets by a qualified expert, approved valuer, or a court-appointed authority.

Valuation of shares refers to the process of determining the fair, reasonable, and realizable value of equity or preference shares of a company, whether listed or unlisted, by a competent authority, financial expert, registered valuer, or court-appointed professional.

A Techno-Economic Viability (TEV) Study refers to a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of a project, enterprise, or financial proposal, conducted by qualified technical experts, financial analysts, or court-appointed professionals.

Registration of marriage refers to the formal recording of a matrimonial union between two individuals in accordance with the applicable personal laws or statutory provisions, before a competent authority such as a Marriage Registrar.

Harassment of a client by a bank’s recovery agent refers to any unlawful, coercive, abusive, or intimidating conduct adopted by agents engaged by banks or financial institutions for the recovery of dues from borrowers.

The Right to Information refers to the statutory entitlement of citizens to access information held by public authorities in order to promote transparency, accountability, and good governance.

Corporate policies refer to a structured framework of internal rules, procedures, guidelines, and ethical standards adopted by companies and business organizations to regulate their operations.

A contract refers to a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties, whereby certain rights and obligations are created, modified, or extinguished.

A Scheme of Compromise and Arrangement refers to a structured and legally recognized mechanism .

A progressive tax refers to a system of taxation in which the rate of tax increases with the rise in taxable income or the financial capacity of a person

A proportional tax, also known as a flat tax, refers to a system of taxation in which a uniform rate of tax is applied to all taxpayers, irrespective of their income level or financial capacity.

A regressive tax refers to a system of taxation in which the effective rate of tax decreases as the income or financial capacity of a person increases.

A digressive tax refers to a hybrid system of taxation that incorporates elements of both progressive and proportional taxation.

ROC Compliance refers to the statutory obligations imposed upon companies to ensure timely filing, disclosure, and adherence to regulatory requirements before the Registrar of Companies (ROC), functioning under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.

GST Compliance refers to the statutory obligations imposed upon registered persons under the Goods and Services Tax regime to ensure proper registration.

Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) Compliance refers to the statutory obligations imposed upon specified persons to deduct tax at the time of making certain payments, including salary, interest, commission, rent, professional fees, or contractual payments.

Provident Fund (PF) and Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Compliance refers to the statutory obligations imposed upon employers to ensure the social security and welfare of employees through timely contributions, proper registration, accurate record-keeping.

Income Tax Compliance refers to the statutory obligations imposed upon individuals, companies, and other taxable entities to adhere to the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

Business Valuation refers to the systematic process of determining the economic worth of a business entity, enterprise, or undertaking on the basis of recognized financial, accounting, and market principles.

Valuation Advisory Services refer to professional and expert services rendered for the purpose of determining, certifying, or advising upon the fair value, market value, or intrinsic worth of assets, businesses, financial instruments, or liabilities.

Project Finance Advisory refers to specialized professional services rendered for the structuring, evaluation, and facilitation of financing arrangements in relation to infrastructure, industrial, commercial, and other capital-intensive projects.

Industrial Policies refer to the structured framework of principles, guidelines, incentives, and regulatory measures formulated and implemented by the Government to promote, regulate, and facilitate the growth and development of industries within the country.

Reservation Policy refers to the framework of affirmative action measures adopted by the State to ensure equitable representation and participation of socially and educationally backward classes, Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST).

Purchase and Price Preference Policy refers to a structured framework of governmental guidelines, incentives, and regulatory measures aimed at promoting domestic industries, micro and small enterprises, startups,

Labour and Environment Related Policies refer to the comprehensive framework of statutory principles, regulatory measures, and administrative guidelines.

Enforcement, within the framework of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), refers to the systematic implementation and execution of legal provisions, as well as the orders and directions issued by competent authorities.

Bookkeeping refers to the systematic, accurate, and chronological recording, classification, and maintenance of financial transactions and records of an individual, enterprise, or organization, in accordance with applicable legal, accounting, and regulatory standards.

FSSAI Registration refers to the mandatory statutory authorization granted to Food Business Operators (FBOs) under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, enabling them to carry on food-related activities in compliance with prescribed standards of safety, hygiene, and quality.

Export Import Code (IEC) Registration refers to the mandatory legal authorization granted to individuals, firms, companies, or other business entities for undertaking import and export activities in India.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Registration refers to the formal process by which eligible business entities obtain official recognition as micro, small, or medium enterprises under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006.

Audit, in its legal and procedural context, refers to the systematic examination, verification, and evaluation of records, documents, accounts, statements, or processes to ascertain their accuracy, authenticity, legality, and compliance with applicable laws.

Intellectual Property (IP) refers to a class of intangible legal rights granted to individuals or entities in respect of creations of the mind, including inventions, literary and artistic works, industrial designs, symbols, names, images, and other commercial identifiers.

A Legal Notice is a formal written communication issued by an aggrieved person, through an advocate or an authorized representative, to another person, entity, or authority, conveying a legal grievance.

A consumer dispute refers to a legal conflict arising between a consumer and a service provider, seller, manufacturer, or trader, concerning deficiency in service, defect in goods, unfair trade practices.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Registration refers to the statutory process by which a supplier of goods or services obtains registration under the Goods and Services Tax regime in India, as governed by the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017.

Passport Registration refers to the formal legal and administrative process through which an individual applies for and obtains a passport, a government-issued document certifying identity and nationality for the purpose of international travel.

New PAN Card Registration refers to the statutory and administrative process by which an individual, company, or other legal entity applies for and obtains a Permanent Account Number (PAN), a unique alphanumeric identifier issued by the Income Tax Department

Credit Card Settlement refers to a structured and negotiated process for resolving outstanding dues between a borrower (cardholder) and a financial institution or bank.

Personal Loan Settlement refers to a negotiated arrangement between a borrower and a financial institution or lender.

Bank Settlement, commonly referred to as a One-Time Settlement (OTS), denotes a negotiated financial arrangement between a borrower and a banking institution or financial creditor.

A Non-Performing Asset (NPA) refers to a loan or advance granted by a bank or financial institution in respect of which the borrower has failed to make scheduled payments of principal or interest for a specified period

A Birth Certificate is an official public document issued by the competent authority, ordinarily the Registrar of Births and Deaths, under the provisions of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969, certifying the occurrence and particulars of a person’s birth.

Immigration refers to the lawful entry, stay, and movement of foreign nationals within the territory of India, governed primarily by statutory frameworks such as the Foreigners Act, 1946, the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, and other allied rules and regulations framed by the Central Government.

Trademark Registration refers to the statutory process by which a distinctive mark, symbol, word, logo, device, or any combination thereof, used in relation to goods or services, is officially recognized and protected under law, thereby granting exclusive rights to its proprietor.

A Nidhi Company is a class of non-banking financial company (NBFC) recognized under Section 406 of the Companies Act, 2013, incorporated with the primary objective of cultivating the habit of thrift and savings among its members.

A Partnership refers to a legal relationship between two or more persons who agree to carry on a business jointly with the object of earning profits and to share such profits (and losses) in accordance with mutually agreed terms.

A Private Limited Company is a distinct legal entity incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, characterized by limited liability of its members, a separate legal personality, and restrictions on the transferability of its shares.

Startup India Registration refers to the formal recognition granted to an eligible business entity by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the flagship initiative known as the Startup India Initiative, launched by the Government of India.

Digital Signature Verification refers to the legal and technical process of validating the authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation of an electronic record authenticated through a digital signature.

An E-Way Bill (Electronic Way Bill) is a digitally generated document mandated for the movement of goods of consignment value exceeding the prescribed threshold under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime in India.

Share Transfer refers to the legal process by which ownership of shares in a company is transferred from one person (the transferor) to another (the transferee), thereby vesting in the transferee all rights, interests, and liabilities attached to such shares.

Udyam Registration refers to the formal recognition and registration of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by the Government of India under the provisions of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006.

A Tax Notice refers to a formal statutory communication issued by a competent tax authority under applicable fiscal laws, such as the Income Tax Act, 1961, the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017, or other relevant taxation enactments in force in India.

Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) Filing refers to the statutory process whereby a person responsible for deducting tax at source (the “deductor”) reports particulars of such deductions to the Income Tax Department through periodic returns filed in the prescribed form and manner.